• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    Procedure to determine the annual energy production of a wind turbine in the open sea, which takes into account the continuous variations of the atmospheric stability and the roughness of the sea surface, from the measurements made with measurement masts, where the meteorological data They are obtained at levels much lower than those of a wind turbine hub. (Machine-translation by Google Translate, not legally binding)
    公开号:ES2745538A2
    申请号:ES201830733
    申请日:2018-07-20
    公开日:2020-03-02
    发明作者:Litran Salvador Perez；Garcia Manuel Ignacio Bahamonde
    申请人:Universidad de Huelva；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001]
    [0002] PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION OF AN OPEN SEA WIND TURBINE
    [0003]
    [0004] Object of the invention
    [0005]
    [0006] The purpose of this report is a procedure to determine the annual energy production of a wind turbine in the open sea, whose main distinctive feature is the fact of taking into account the continuous variations in atmospheric stability and roughness of the sea surface, from measurements made with measurement masts, where meteorological data is obtained at levels much lower than those of the hub of a wind turbine.
    [0007]
    [0008] Background of the Invention
    [0009]
    [0010] Currently, the high costs of installation and maintenance of offshore wind farms make it necessary to reliably determine the best wind conditions, capable of determining the wind potential of the same by means of a reliable prediction, in order to carry out a realistic feasibility study that can derive in a minimum certainty of economic return, which makes such economic investment viable. In order to achieve this, it will be necessary to consider that the marine atmospheric boundary layer (CLAM) is different from the terrestrial one, both in the movements of quantity of movement, as well as in the flows of heat and humidity, as well as by the continuous variation of the roughness of the surface of the sea.
    [0011]
    [0012] On the other hand, the offshore wind industry is based on the accumulated experience in the onshore wind industry, and on the codes and standards of the gas and oil industries in offshore conditions, such as those published by DetNorske Veritas, Germanischer Lloyd and the International ElectrotechnicalCommission ( IEC).
    [0013]
    [0014] Regarding the wind potential, the IEC 61400-3 standard, based on the IEC 61400-1 standard, represents the profile of the wind speed with the height using the potential equation (1), where the wind speed, U (z ), is obtained as a function of height, z, above mean sea level, from the mean input wind value, Uhub, for hub height, zhub, and for normal wind conditions where the exponent, a , is 0.14.
    [0015] U ( Z) = Uhub {Zl Zhub ) " (1) This equation, although widely used in engineering applications, does not take into account the atmospheric stability conditions of CLAM and overestimates the wind speed at the hub height, being its focus the study of the design conditions of the wind turbines.
    [0016]
    [0017] Likewise, the simplification of the boundary conditions, considering a neutral atmospheric stability and a constant roughness of the sea surface throughout the annual period, does not seem a conservative approach to determine the variation of wind speed with altitude in the CLAM . And on the other hand, the Weibull probability distribution provides a poor fit of the distribution of wind speeds, compared to more complicated models, so it can lead to deviations in the calculation of the energy produced by a wind turbine according to the site.
    [0018]
    [0019] Due to the complexity of the variation of the wind speed with the height in the CLAM, a model is required that allows extrapolating the wind measurements, under certain boundary conditions, to the height of the hub of a wind turbine.
    [0020]
    [0021] The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory arises as a consequence of the scale length for exchange processes in the atmosphere (known as Obukhov length) that represents the height of the atmospheric boundary layer, where mechanical processes are equated to processes thermal.
    [0022]
    [0023] This theory, although developed from measurements on land, is considered to be of general application for the open sea. However, deviations exist when the wind flow is influenced by the proximity of land and for stable atmospheric conditions. Therefore, in general, it is considered that this theory is fulfilled in the CLAM in open sea conditions, since it predicts a logarithmic profile of the wind speed in homogeneous and stationary wind conditions.
    [0024]
    [0025] Under marine conditions, the role of atmospheric stability in the surface layer and the length of aerodynamic roughness, depending on the state of the sea, are determining factors in determining the energy production of an offshore wind farm. Output power estimates improve significantly when stability is considered.
    [0026] The development of various studies are known where the profile of the wind speed over the sea is due only to atmospheric stability, in the assumption that the roughness of the sea surface can be predicted by the Charnock roughness length. Thus, for neutral and unstable atmospheric conditions, the height of the CLAM can be underestimated and the expressions of the wind speed profile, according to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, are in agreement with the observations. On the other hand, for stable conditions, the height of the CLAM must be considered as essential.
    [0027]
    [0028] The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory for CLAM, relative to momentum, results in equation (2), which represents the logarithmic profile of the wind under neutral atmosphere conditions.
    [0029] U ( z) = u * / kln ( z / z 0) (2)
    [0030]
    [0031] where k is the von Kármán constant, which usually takes a value of 0.4; Zo is the
    [0032] aerodynamic roughness length and u * is the friction speed, which is defined by the following expression:
    [0033]
    [0034]
    [0035] u *
    [0036] P (3) where T is the surface tension, which acts parallel on the surface of the sea, P is the
    [0037] two
    [0038] air density yu * is the kinematic tension.
    [0039]
    [0040] Also, based on this theory, the diabatic profile of the wind is expressed by:
    [0041]
    [0042] U ( z) = u * / k [ln {Z / Zo) Y m ( z / l)] (4) where L is the length of Obukhov, expressed as:
    [0043]
    [0044] u 3
    [0045] l = - *
    [0046] k ^ F u.
    [0047] e v (5) where q / e v is buoyancy, in m / s2 K, and Fhs is the kinematic flow of heat, in K m / s.
    [0048]
    [0049] The empirical function, ^ m ( z / l) , represents the thermal stability processes in the surface layer. Thus, for neutral conditions, z / L = 0, the stability function takes the value zero and we obtain equation (2); for stable conditions, z / L> 0, and for unstable conditions, z / L <0.
    [0050] On the other hand, the Richardson number, Ri, represents the balance between the thermal and mechanical effects in generating the turbulent state of the lower layers of the atmosphere, with the Richardson number of the gradient being widely used, which is given by The equation:
    [0051]
    [0052]
    [0053] If we approximate: 8Gv / 8z * AGV / Az , 8Ul 8z * AUl Az , 8V / & * AV / A z , then we can define a new relationship known as the Richardson bulk number, Rib:
    [0054]
    [0055]
    [0056] The finite differences of the virtual potential temperature, G v ,, and of the components of the wind speeds, U and V, are the variations of these parameters with height. Simplifying Equation (7), considering the virtual potential temperature close to air temperature and the horizontal component of wind speed, U, as the only component, is as follows:
    [0057]
    [0058] gz ( ha - T )
    [0059] Rib = ( 273.15 Ta) U, 22 (8) where g is the acceleration of gravity, Ta is the air temperature, Ts is the water temperature of the sea surface and U is the wind speed measured at a height z.
    [0060]
    [0061] The aerodynamic roughness length, z °, is the height above a surface where the wind speed becomes zero, which we will abbreviate as the roughness length. In the sea, this parameter will be due to the continuous variation of the waves, which influences the logarithmic profile of the wind of the similarity theory. Thus, with very light winds, measurements indicate that the sea surface is approaching a smooth aerodynamic surface,
    [0062] being independent of the geometry of the rough element, in such a way that z ° is given by the equation:
    [0063] z0 * 0.11v / u „ (9) where v is the kinematic molecular viscosity.
    [0064]
    [0065] On the other hand, also in marine conditions, for moderate to strong winds, the proper action of the wind produces waves, which translates into a greater length of roughness of the sea surface, this dependence being expressed by the Charnock relationship:
    [0066] zo = a cul / g (10)
    [0067] where ac is the Charnock constant, which is usually quoted between 0.01 and 0.04, and which takes low values for the open sea and high values for locations near the coast between this range.
    [0068]
    [0069] This expression predicts an increase of z ° with the speed of the wind and identifies the acceleration of gravity, g, as an essential dynamic parameter that characterizes the equilibrium interaction between the wind and the waves.
    [0070]
    [0071] Description of the Invention
    [0072]
    [0073] Offshore wind energy has more favorable wind conditions than its terrestrial counterpart, so a reliable estimate of the wind potential in the atmospheric boundary layer is of great importance to justify the energy viability of new offshore wind farms.
    [0074]
    [0075] In the present invention, a procedure is developed to determine the annual energy production of a wind turbine in the open sea, which takes into account the continuous variations of the atmospheric stability and the roughness of the sea surface, from the measurements made with masts of measurements, where meteorological data are obtained at levels much lower than those of the hub, the main focus being the feasibility study of offshore wind farms.
    [0076]
    [0077] As an application and verification, the wind speed is first extrapolated with the altitude by means of the developed procedure, taking the data from a research platform in the open sea, which allows obtaining meteorological data at different heights. Next, it is applied to the calculation of the electrical energy of a commercial wind turbine, representative in the open sea, with a nominal power of 3.0 MW and with the hub 80 m above the sea surface. The results obtained were compared with the data of the wind speed provided at that height by the platform, and its application to the calculation of energy, presenting acceptable deviations in all the years of study, making its industrial application feasible.
    [0078] The vertical extrapolation of the wind speed has been performed with the following equations of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory.
    [0079] U ( z) = u „/ kln ( z / z 0) ( 2 )
    [0080] U ( z) = u „¡k [ln ( z / zo) + WM ( z / L)] (4)
    [0081]
    [0082] The first for neutral conditions and the second for non-neutral conditions, which includes an empirical function for thermal stability processes in the CLAM, so for unstable conditions the Paulson equation was applied and for stable conditions the Businger-Dyer equation.
    [0083]
    [0084] Likewise, the Obukhov length will be determined after knowing the friction speed by the numerical method of the fixed point iteration, the buoyancy and the kinematic heat flux being previously calculated, from the experimental data measured at the site.
    [0085]
    [0086] The length of roughness of the sea surface is a characteristic parameter of equations (2) and (4), of variable character and with reduced values, less than 2 mm, even for more extreme wind conditions. Its influence is reduced in the energy production of the wind turbine, but necessary for the calculation of the wind speed with height, which includes changes in atmospheric stability.
    [0087]
    [0088] In the verifications carried out, with neutral stratification, it was observed that the variation of the wind speed with the height presents a reasonable deviation, being more pronounced for low wind speeds. On the other hand, with unstable stratification, very favorable results were obtained with small deviations and with stable stratification, the largest deviations were obtained. However, in this area, the results improved when the constant and small value of the dimensionless principal coefficient of sensible heat transfer was replaced by variable values, within a stable atmosphere range.
    [0089]
    [0090] The ten-minute series of the predicted wind at height are applied to a commercial wind turbine to obtain its operating parameters, for comparison with the production of the wind measured at the hub height. The results presented reduced deviations, therefore they are considered satisfactory for its commercial application.
    [0091] Brief description of the figures
    [0092]
    [0093] In the following, a drawing is briefly described which helps to better understand the invention and which is expressly related to an embodiment of said invention which is presented as a non-limiting example thereof.
    [0094]
    [0095] FIG. 1 shows a representation of the variation of wind speed with height (FIG. 1 (a)) on a semi-log scale, for open sea conditions and for different cases of atmospheric stratification. A logarithmic relationship, such as the wind speed profile with a neutral atmosphere, appears as a straight line. On the other hand, for non-neutral cases, the wind speed profile deviates slightly from the logarithmic, in such a way that, in the stable boundary layers, the wind profile is concave downwards, while in the boundary layers unstable is concave upwards. FIG. 1 (b) shows the enlarged detail of these curves between 10 and 100 m.
    [0096]
    [0097] FIG. 2 shows a representation of the roughness length as a function of the wind speed at 10 m in conditions of neutral atmosphere (FIG. 2 (a)), by application of equations (2) and (9), where the part of the curve from 4 m / s to the right represents a transitory effect until the sea of winds originates. On the other hand, for moderate to strong winds, with speeds equal to or greater than 4 m / s, up to 50 m / s, the Charnock ratio (10) will be applied, leaving the roughness length representation as a function of the wind speed at 10 m indicated in FIG. 2 (b), by application of Eqs. (2) and (10), for two values of the Charnock constant.
    [0098]
    [0099] FIG 3 shows a representation of equations (9) and (10) where the variation of the roughness length as a function of the friction speed is independent of the height in the CLAM (FIG.3 (a)). Also, for a constant height, in conditions of neutral atmosphere, when substituting Equation (9) in Equation (2), we obtain:
    [0100] U ( z) = ujk ln ( zuj 0.11v) ( 1 1 )
    [0101] that represents the variation of the wind speed with the friction speed, which will be applied in light winds. On the other hand, for moderate to strong winds when substituting Equation (10) into Equation (2), we obtain:
    [0102]
    [0103] U ( z) = ujk ln ( zg / acu l ) (12) Both equations are represented in FIG. 3 (b) for 10 and 30 m.
    [0104] FIG. 4 shows a schematic representation of the procedure to determine the annual energy production of a wind turbine in the open sea, object of the present invention.
    [0105]
    [0106] FIG. 5 shows a representation where in its part (a) the power curve is indicated and in part (b) the power coefficient curve of the 3.0 MW commercial wind turbine with the hub at 80 m, for a air density of 1,225 kg / m 3 . And where, these curves have approached a continuous function by obtaining twenty values equally distributed between two integer values of wind speed, with the aim of making a more precise calculation of their production.
    [0107]
    [0108] PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
    [0109]
    [0110] A preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in the attached figures. More specifically, the procedure for determining the annual energy production of a wind turbine in the open sea, object of the present invention, characterized in that it comprises: i)
    [0111]
    [0112] i) a first stage of determination of atmospheric stability using the Richardson bulk number (Ri b ), according to equation (8) where, depending on the value obtained, we will have the following estimates of atmospheric stability:
    [0113]
    [0114] -o, 02 <Rib <o, 02 . quasi-neutral atmosphere
    [0115]
    [0116] Rlb <-0.02; unstable atmosphere
    [0117]
    [0118] Rlb>002; stable atmosphere
    [0119] and, where, the mean virtual potential temperature, 0 * , for unsaturated air, with mixing ratio r, is given by the following equation:
    [0120] 0V = 0 ( 1 0.64 r); (13)
    [0121] taking r = 20g / kg
    [0122] The potential temperature, 0, will be given by the following expression:
    [0123] 0 = Ta ( P0 / P „) 0'286 (14)
    [0124] where P ° is the air pressure and P ° is the reference pressure, which will be taken as 100 kPa.
    [0125] and where, the kinematic flow of heat will change during the daily cycle and therefore, we will use the approximate expression:
    [0126] F hs = c hU ( ts - t ) (1S)
    [0127] where zr is the measurement level of the meteorological data and C h is the dimensionless coefficient of the main sensible heat transfer, whose values range between 0.001 and 0.005 for neutral conditions, double or triple for unstable atmosphere; and tends to zero for stable conditions. For the application the following values will be taken:
    [0128] k
    [0129] CH - 0.0327
    [0130] ln ( z jz 0); j neutral atmosphere (16)
    [0131] C h -o, 006 ; unstable atmosphere
    [0132] And for different ranges within stable atmosphere, the Ch values are indicated in Table 1.
    [0133]
    [0134] F - Uz ( Ts - Ta) (( m / s) K)
    [0135] Atmosphere Rib range (-) C h (-)
    [0136] Slightly F <- 30 0.0009
    [0137] 0.021 <Rib <0.031
    [0138] stable -1.5>F> -30 0.0006
    [0139]
    [0140] F <- 30 0.0003
    [0141] Stable 0.031 <Rib <2
    [0142] -1.5>F> -30 0.00001
    [0143] Very stable Rib> 2 F <- 1, 5 0.000001
    [0144]
    [0145] Table 1. Main sensible heat transfer coefficient for stable atmosphere
    [0146]
    [0147] ii) a second stage of calculating the friction velocity, u *, by means of the numerical method of iteration of the fixed point, according to the following cases:
    [0148]
    [0149] If U r <4m / s , equations (5) and (9) in equation (4) are substituted, being the kinematic molecular viscosity ° - 1A61 10 5 m / s.
    [0150] 4 <Uz <50m / s
    [0151] If r, equations (5) and (10) in equation (4) are substituted, with the Charnock constant for open sea, at <- 0.011.
    [0152]
    [0153] In both cases, for neutral atmosphere, z, / L - 0, the function ^ m ( z J l) is zero in equation (4). In contrast, for unstable atmosphere, z, / L <0, the function ^ mi ( z ^ l) is Represents by Paulson's equation:
    [0154]
    [0155]
    [0156]
    [0157]
    [0158] where:
    [0159]
    [0160] And for stable atmosphere, zr / L > 0, the Businger-Dyer function:
    [0161]
    [0162]
    [0163] iii) a third stage for determining the aerodynamic roughness length, Zo, for each of the ten-minute intervals, according to the following cases:
    [0164] U7 <4m / s
    [0165] If r, Equation (9) applies.
    [0166] 4 <Uz <50m / s
    [0167] If r, Equation (10) applies.
    [0168] iv) a fourth stage of calculation of the Obukhov length, L, according to equation (5) in each ten-minute interval.
    [0169]
    [0170] v) Finally, a last modeling stage, known u *, Zo and L, will determine the wind speed, Uh, at the new height, h, of the surface boundary layer, according to the general expression:
    [0171] Uh = u * / k [ln ( h / zo) + T m ( h / L)] (19) For the following cases:
    [0172] -Neutral atmosphere, h / L = 0:
    [0173] Uh = u * / kln ( h / zo ) (20)
    [0174] - Unstable atmosphere, h / L <0:
    [0175]
    [0176] The function ( h / L) is represented by the empirical Paulson equation:
    [0177]
    [0178]
    [0179] Substituting Equation (21) into Equation (19), we obtain:
    [0180] where:
    [0181] -Stable atmosphere, h / L> 0:
    [0182]
    [0183] The ifme ( —l) function is represented by the empirical Businger-Dyer equation:
    [0184]
    [0185] E me ( h / L) = ^ 7 - (23) Substituting Equation (23) into Equation (19), we obtain:
    [0186] 4.7h '
    [0187] Uh = U „/ k In ( h / zo ):
    [0188] L (24) And, in this way, we will obtain the wind speed, Uh, at the height of the wind turbine hub in the CLAM, in each ten-minute interval with variations in atmospheric stability and roughness of the sea surface.
    [0189]
    [0190] Operating parameters
    [0191]
    [0192] The energy available at the input of the rotor of a wind turbine, for one year, Ed, annually, is given by the equation:
    [0193]
    [0194] Annual Ed = Z T W i
    [0195] i (25) where Ti is the time of occurrence of each interval of the wind speed and the power of the incident wind in the rotor of the wind turbine for said wind speed. The energy used at the output of the rotor of a wind turbine for one year, Ea, per year, is determined by the equation:
    [0196]
    [0197] Eaanual = ^ C pJT¡Wi (26) i
    [0198] where Cp, í is the wind turbine rotor power coefficient for each interval of the wind speed. The useful energy at the output of the electric generator for one year, E u, annually , is given by the equation:
    [0199] Euanua, = T, Ti P¡
    [0200] i (27) where P i is the value of the power extracted from the wind turbine power curve for each interval of the incident wind speed in a year. In order to characterize the behavior of a wind turbine, the following equivalent operating parameters are defined:
    [0201] - Load factor (FC) is the relationship between the useful energy, Eu, annual, produced by a wind turbine for a year, T, and that which would have been produced if during this period it had been continuously operating at its nominal power, Pn, that we express using the following equation:
    [0202]
    [0203] FC u, anua¡
    [0204] (28)
    [0205] - Full Load Equivalent Hours (HE) is the number of hours a wind turbine should run at full load to produce the same energy in a year that would be obtained during its actual operation. It is given by the equation:
    [0206]
    [0207]
    [0208] In order to make a comparative study of the energy production of a wind turbine located in the location where the data is extracted, the parameters FC and HE will be obtained, in each of the years of study. Finally, the results obtained will be validated with the data measured on a research platform in the open sea at 80 m, that is, at the same height as the hub of the selected wind turbine.
    权利要求:
    Claims (3)
    [1]
    1.- Procedure to determine the annual energy production of a wind turbine in the open sea that is characterized by comprising:
    i) a first stage of determination of atmospheric stability using the Richardson bulk number (Ri b ), according to equation (8) where, depending on the value obtained, we will have the following estimates of atmospheric stability:
    -o, 02 <Rib <o, 02 . quasi-neutral atmosphere
    Rlb <-0.02; unstable atmosphere
    Rlb>002; stable atmosphere
    and, where, the mean virtual potential temperature, 0 * , for unsaturated air, with mixing ratio r, is given by the following equation:
    0V = 0 ( 1 0.64 r); (13)
    taking r = 20g / kg
    The potential temperature, 0, is determined by the following expression:
    0 = Ta ( P0 / PQ) 0'286 (14)
    where P ° is the air pressure and P ° is the reference pressure, which will be taken as 100 kPa.
    and where, the kinematic flow of heat becomes changing during the daily cycle and therefore, the approximate expression is used:
    FHs = CHU, t T -T „) (1S)
    where Zr is the measurement level of the meteorological data and C h is the dimensionless coefficient of the main sensible heat transfer, whose values range between 0.001 and 0.005 for neutral conditions, double or triple for unstable atmosphere; and tends to zero for stable conditions; and where, for the application, the following values are taken:
    k
    CH = 0.0327
    ln ( zr / z0 ). J neutral atmosphere (16)
    CH = 0.006 ; unstable atmosphere
    ii) a second stage of calculating the friction velocity, u *, by means of the numerical method of iteration of the fixed point, according to the following cases:
    If U r <4m / s , equations (5) and (9) are replaced in equation (4), with the kinematic molecular viscosity ° = 1> 461 10 5 m / s;
    If 4 <Uz r <50m / s , equations (5) and (10) in equation (4) are substituted, with the Charnock constant for open sea, at <= 0.011;
    remaining that:
    - for neutral atmosphere, zr / L = 0, the function 'FM ( zr / L) is zero in equation (4); - for unstable atmosphere, z, / L < 0, the function ^ mi ( z ^ l) is represented by the Paulson equation:

    [2]
    2.- Procedure according to claim 1, where in the fifth and last stage, in the cases of:
    - Neutral atmosphere, h / L = 0:
    Uh = u * / kln ( h / z 0 } (20) - Unstable atmosphere, h / L K0:
    the function 'F mi ( h / L) is represented by Paulson's empirical equation:
    T m¡ (h / L) = -2 ln ^ 1 + X] - In ( 1 X ^ + 2 tan1 (x) - n / 2;
    v 2 and (21) substituting equation (21) into equation (19), we obtain:
    1 x2 ^
    Uh = / k ln ( h / z0 ) - 2ln 1 ^ X] - In + 2tan 1 ( x) - n / 2
    v 2 and (22)
    where:
    [3]
    3. Procedure according to any of claims 1 - 2, where in the fifth and last stage, for the stable atmosphere case, h / L > 0: the function ^ ME ( h / L) is represented by the empirical equation of Businger-Dyer:
    4.7 h
    V me ( h / L)
    L (23) where, substituting Equation (23) into Equation (19), we obtain:
    4.7h '
    U h = u „ / k ln ( h / z 0 ) - L (24)
    类似技术:
    公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题
    Wharton et al.2012|Assessing atmospheric stability and its impacts on rotor‐disk wind characteristics at an onshore wind farm
    Dinniman et al.2015|The effect of atmospheric forcing resolution on delivery of ocean heat to the Antarctic floating ice shelves
    BR102013003716A2|2015-05-19|Method to predict wind conditions on a wind farm
    Ramos et al.2014|Wind power viability on a small island
    Brümmer et al.2015|Analysis of a 7-year low-level temperature inversion data set measured at the 280 m high Hamburg weather mast
    ES2745538A2|2020-03-02|PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION OF AN AEROGENERATOR IN OPEN SEA |
    Foreman et al.2017|Measurements of heat and humidity fluxes in the wake of offshore wind turbines
    Tsai et al.2019|Lidar observations of the typhoon boundary layer within the outer rainbands
    CN106547996B|2019-10-29|A kind of virtual anemometer tower construction method of wind power plant
    Echtermeyer et al.1996|Method to predict fatigue lifetimes of GRP wind turbine blades and comparison with experiments
    Schecter2016|Development and nondevelopment of binary mesoscale vortices into tropical cyclones in idealized numerical experiments
    Salmun et al.2011|Statistical prediction of the storm surge associated with cool-weather storms at the Battery, New York
    Chadee et al.2013|Air density climate of two caribbean tropical islands and relevance to wind power
    Cao et al.2017|Preliminary assessment of the wind power resource around the thousand-meter scale megatall building
    Björck et al.1996|Dynamic stall and 3D effects
    Abdalla et al.2017|The Influence of the Atmospheric Stability Conditions on the Available Wind Energy for Three Libyan Coastal Cities
    Park et al.2015|Wake Losses and Repositioning of Wind Turbines at Wind Farm
    Sakagami et al.2015|Wind Shear Assessment Using Wind LiDAR Profiler and Sonic 3D Anemometer for Wind Energy Applications—Preliminary Results
    Floors2013|Measuring and modelling of the wind on the scale of tall wind turbines
    Chaudhry et al.2014|Numerical analysis of the integration of wind turbines into the design of the built environment
    Kramer et al.1976|Cooling towers and the environment
    Arfeuille2012|4.1 WIND RESOURCE ASSESMENT IN A TROPICAL REGION WITH COMPLEX TERRAIN USING SODAR AND A METEOROLOGICAL TOWER NETWORK TO MEASURE LOW LEVEL JETS AND BOUNDAY LAYER CONDITIONS
    Ma et al.2015|A modified method based on neutral condition for wind profile calculation under different atmospheric stability
    Voukelatos2020|The variability of wind with time. An evaluation from offshore meteorological masts at Shell Flats Bank, UK.
    Stander2008|The specification of a small commercial wind energy conversion system for the South African Antarctic Research Base SANAE IV
    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    ES2745538R1|2020-03-05|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    US10746901B2|2008-06-12|2020-08-18|Ophir Corporation|Systems and methods for predicting arrival of wind event at aeromechanical apparatus|
    US8335731B1|2007-12-28|2012-12-18|Vestas Wind Systems A/S|Method of establishing a profitability model related to the establishment of a wind power plant|
    KR101332559B1|2012-11-09|2013-11-26|한국에너지기술연구원|Numerical simulation system and method for atmospheric wind flow by computational fluid dynamics|
    CN103745024B|2013-11-26|2018-12-04|沈阳工业大学|Wind turbines tail portion wind speed power characteristic Evaluation Method is corrected based on three-dimensional wake flow model|
    法律状态:
    2020-03-02| BA2A| Patent application published|Ref document number: 2745538 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: A2 Effective date: 20200302 |
    2020-03-05| EC2A| Search report published|Ref document number: 2745538 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: R1 Effective date: 20200227 |
    2020-09-23| FA2A| Application withdrawn|Effective date: 20200917 |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ES201830733A|ES2745538R1|2018-07-20|2018-07-20|PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION OF AN OPEN SEA WIND TURBINE|ES201830733A| ES2745538R1|2018-07-20|2018-07-20|PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION OF AN OPEN SEA WIND TURBINE|
    [返回顶部]